Definition

Sodium (Na) is an essential mineral for horses, influencing multiple physiological processes. It plays a key role in maintaining water balance, supporting nerve and muscle function, and regulating overall performance. Sodium levels in forage and feed directly affect appetite, labour capacity, and gestation outcomes.

Importance

Sodium contributes to:

• Nerve and muscle function: Ensures proper transmission of nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
• Water retention: Maintains hydration and fluid balance within the body.
• Performance and appetite: Adequate sodium supports energy levels and feed intake.

Horses lose significant amounts of sodium through sweating, especially during exercise or hot weather, making replenishment critical.

Sodium deficiency in horses

Signs of sodium deficiency include:

• Reduced sweating and poor performance
• Excessive licking behaviour
• Constipation and decreased feed intake
• Dry, stiff skin and muscle cramps
• In severe cases: refusal to eat and disturbances in muscular and nervous systems

Sodium excess in horses

Excess sodium intake, particularly when combined with limited water availability, can lead to:

• Reduced feed intake
• Increased blood pressure
• Potential metabolic stress

Practical considerations

• Monitor sodium levels in forage and concentrate feeds.
• Provide free access to clean water and salt licks.
• Adjust sodium supplementation for horses in heavy work or hot climates.

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